ह्याकर विकास भन्छन् – नेपाली वेबसाइटको बेहाल छ, अब कसले केयर गर्ला ? (अन्तर्वार्ता)

देशविदेशका ३ सयभन्दा बढी वेबसाइट ह्याक गरेको अभियोगमा पक्राउ परेका १७ वर्षिय वेब ह्याकर विकास पौडेल ३० हजार रुपैयाँ धरौटीमा हिरासत मुक्त भएका छन् । उनलाई गत चैत ७ गते प्रहरी अपराध अनुसन्धान महाशाखाको टोलीले नेपाल टेलिकम, राष्ट्रिय क्षयरोग केन्द्रलगायतको उजुरीमा सोह्रखुट्टेबाट पक्राउ गरी विद्युतीय कारोबार ऐन, २०६३ अन्तर्गत अनुसन्धान गरिएको थियो । २५ दिनसम्म प्रहरी हिरासतमै रहेका उनलाई गत वैशाख २ गते काठमाडौं जिल्ला अदालतले जेठ २६ गते हाजिरी हुने गरी धरौटीमा छोड्न आदेश दिएको छ ।०५६ साल असार ३१ गते जन्मिएका उनलाई प्रहरीले एक वर्ष उमेर बढाएर मुद्धा चलाएको थियो । हिरासत मुक्तपछि उनले पहिलो पटक लिभिङ विथ आइसिटीलाई जेल डायरी र भावी योजना सुनाएका छन् :

हिरासत मुक्त भएको धेरै दिनपछि मात्रै सोसल मिडियामा देखिनु भयो नि ?
जब म प्रहरी हिरासतबाट छुटे, मेरो एनटिसीको मोबाइल नम्बर, फेसबुक, इमेल सबै सिज भइसकेको रहेछ । डेढ महिनापछि मात्रै बल्लबल्ल त्यही एकाउन्टको फेसबुक रिकभर गराएँ । इमेल त अझै सिज्ड छ ।

धरौटीमा छुट्नु भएको छ । अब के हुन्छ थाहा छ ?
अब जेठ २६ गते अदालतमा बहस हुने भनेर कागजमा लेखेको छ । त्यहाँ के गर्ने के हुने हो केही थाहा छैन ।

मैले वेब ह्याक गरेको मात्रै स्विकारे हो । अरु जुनै आए पनि होइन । मैले अहिलेसम्म केहीको पनि फेक इमेलहरु बनाउने काम गरेको छैन, त्यस्तो काम गरेर पैसा कमाम् भन्ने कहिल्यै सोचिन ।

प्रहरीमा तपाई विरुद्ध के उजुरी भएको रहेछ ?
मलाई थाहा भएसम्म नेपाल टेलिकम र राष्ट्रिय क्षयरोग केन्द्रले गरेको उजुरीमा मुद्धा चलेको हो । पछि अरु वेबसाइटहरु पनि ह्याक गरेको कुरा आयो ।

सुरुमा त मलाई किन पक्राउ गरियो, अलमल्लमै परेँ । बुवासँग सुन्धारामा सपिङ गरेर फर्किएको थिएँ । सोह्रखुट्टेमा आउँदा प्रहरीले समात्यो । टेलिकमको सर्भर हातमा लिँदा मोबाइल प्रयोग गरेको थिएँ र मेरो एनटिसीको नम्बर ट्रेस गरेर मलाई समातेको रहेछ । प्रहरीले गाडीमै नेपाल टेलिकमको डाटा लिक गरेको स्किृनसट देखायो, त्यतिबेलै मैले गरेको हो भनेर स्विकारिसकेको थिएँ । पछि एनटिसी, क्षयरोग केन्द्रले मात्रै नभई एनसेलले पनि मिलेर समातेको हो भन्ने सुनेँ । यति मात्रै नभई फेक इमेल बनाएर के के गरेको भन्ने आरोप लाउन थाले ।

तपाईले कुन कन अभियोग स्विकार्नभयो ? अनि कुन कुन स्विकार्न भएन ? 
मैले वेब ह्याक गरेको मात्रै स्विकारे हो । अरु जुनै आए पनि होइन । मैले अहिलेसम्म केहीको पनि फेक इमेलहरु बनाउने काम गरेको छैन, त्यस्तो काम गरेर पैसा कमाम् भन्ने कहिल्यै सोचिन । बग हन्टरको रुपमा सेक्युरिटी बलियो बनाउने अनुरोध गरिरहन्थे तर कहिल्यै वास्ता गरिएन ।

त्यस्ता आरोप स्विकार्न कुनै दबाब आयो कि ?
अहँ आएन । मैले पहिलो दिन देखि नै प्रमाण देखाइ सकेको भएर होला प्रहरीहरुले मलाई विश्वास गर्नभयो ।

कोही मात्र थियो नेपालको साइटलाई केयर गर्ने । अब सायद कोही पनि छैनन् । हामीले कहिल्यै पनि सिरियस डाटा नष्ट गरेनौं । बारम्बार बग रिपोर्ट गऱ्यौं, तर उल्टै पक्राउ गर्न लगाए ।

कस्टडीमा रहँदा तपाईले मोबाइल, सोसल मिडिया केही चलाउन पाउनु भएन । आफ्नो बारेमा बाहिर के कस्तो कुरा चल्यो होला भन्ने सोच्नु भयो ?
केही चलाउन पाएको थिइनँ । जब न्युजमा छापेको थापा पाएँ, त्यति बेला मलाई कमेन्ट कस्तो आयो हालो भनेर जानकारी पाउन एकदम चुकचुक भएँ । जब तपाई आउनु भयो र बाहिर पोजिटिभ छ भन्नुभयो, एकदमै खुसी लाग्यो । अबदेखि कहिल्यै यस्तो काम गर्दिन भन्ने सोचेको थिए तर बाहिर पोजिटिभ छ, मेरो पक्षमा कुरा उठेको छ भन्ने थाहा पाएँ, त्यसपछि झन् नलेज सार्प गरेर राम्रो बाट लाग्छु भन्न्ने सोच आयो ।

अब तपाईको ह्याकिङ ग्रुप एनोनिमस ओपनेप र तपाईले ट्रिक्स सिकाएका साथीहरुले कसरी काम गर्लान् ?
अब उनीहरुले पनि वास्ता गर्न छोडिसके । सबैले वेब ह्याक गर्न छोडिसके । कोही मात्र थियो नेपालको साइटलाई केयर गर्ने । अब सायद कोही पनि छैनन् । हामीले कहिल्यै पनि सिरियस डाटा नष्ट गरेनौं । बारम्बार बग रिपोर्ट गऱ्यौं, तर उल्टै पक्राउ गर्न लगाए ।

अबको योजना के छ ?
मैले भर्खरै कक्षा ११ को परीक्षा दिएँ । कमर्स (म्यानेजमेन्ट) लिएर पढेको छु । पहिला राम्रोसँग प्लस टु सक्छु । अनि राम्रो आइटी कोर्स गर्छु । मेरो ह्याकिङ करियर यत्तिकै सकिदैन । नेपालका सबै साइटहरुको भल्नेरेबिलिटी चेक गरेर एडमिनलाई इनफर्म गर्नेछु । अहिले मेरो मोबाइलहरु सिज भएको हुनाले केही गर्न पाएको छैन । छिटै गर्छु ।

नेपालको सम्पत्ति नेपालीले नै जोगाउनुपर्छ । मैले बारम्बार सर्भर र साइटमा प्रोब्लम छ भनिरहेँ, सम्बन्धितले नै वास्ता गरेनन् । अन्तिममा मैले डिफेसमेन्ट मात्रै गर्थें । डाटा नष्ट गर्ने वा अरु अपराध कहिल्यै गरिन । एनटिसीको त्यत्रो डाटा अरु कसैले नै एक्सेस गरिदिएको भए उसले पुरै डिलिट गरिदिन पनि सक्थ्यो ।

अन्त्यमा, नेपालमा वेबसाइट सेक्युरिटी र साइबर अपराध रोक्न के गर्नुपर्छ भन्नुहुन्छ ?
म सधैं राम्रो गर्न खोज्थें । नेपालका ९० प्रतिशत वेबसाइटहरु सेक्युर छैनन् । सरकारी साइटको त बेहालै छ । बरु स्कुलका साइट सेक्युर छन् सरकारी भन्दा  । प्रोगामिङ सिकेकोले आफूलाई टेस्ट गर्न सरकारी वेब ह्याक गर्न सक्छ । विश्वभरी .gov देख्ने वितिक्कै सबैको सोच यो त यस देशको सरकारको साइट हो भन्ने सोच जान्छ र सरकारी भन्ने वितिक्कै ठूलो अर्गनाइजेसनको साइट हुन पर्छ भन्ने सोच सबैको हुन्छ ।वर्षमा मिनिमम ५ चोटी मात्र नेपाल सरकारका साइट हरु भिभिन्न देशबाट ह्याक हुने गर्दछ ।

नेपालको सम्पत्ति नेपा:लीले नै जोगाउनुपर्छ । मैले बारम्बार सर्भर र साइटमा प्रोब्लम छ भनिरहेँ, सम्बन्धितले नै वास्ता गरेनन् । अन्तिममा मैले डिफेसमेन्ट मात्रै गर्थें । डाटा नष्ट गर्ने वा अरु अपराध कहिल्यै गरिन । एनटिसीको त्यत्रो डाटा अरु कसैले नै एक्सेस गरिदिएको भए उसले पुरै डिलिट गरिदिन पनि सक्थ्यो । विदेशी वा अपराधको सोच भएकाले त्यसरी एक्सेस लिएको भए कति क्षति हुन्थ्यो होला ? त्यसैले मेरो एउटै अनुरोध के छ भने प्रत्येक कम्पनीले वेबसाइटमा सेक्युरिटी पेज राख्ने र रिपोर्ट गर्ने सुविधा दिनुपर्छ । अहिले हामीले रिपोर्ट गरे पनि वर्षौसम्म त्यसको रिप्लाई आउँदैन । अनि वेबसाइट डिजाइनिङ, डेभलपमेन्टदेखि निरन्तर कन्टेन्ट अपडेट गर्ने र इन्फर्मेशन सेक्युरिटी अडिट गर्नाले सम्भावित खतराबाट बच्न सकिन्थ्यो ।

साभार;livingwithict.com

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Queries about grading sytem 2073 and marksheet sample

What is new grading system in SLC?

SLC (School Leaving Certificate) which in Nepal is commonly known as one of the most important exam to enter their higher secondary school or college life. SLC was introduced long ago in order to judge the creativity of students while giving exams which will allow them for further studies.

The main motive behind SLC is to check whether a student is good enough for further studies & his capability with marks obtained however cheating has always been a issue which one way or other allows some non-talented student pass with good marks which OCE(of the Controller of Examinations) are concerned about. Marking system in SLCMarking system of SLC was always in the circle of questions regarding “Can 32 marks (minimum marks to pass a subject) judge a normal student & their hard work of a 10 year?” and this call for a new grading system in SLC.

The quality of academics was surely questioned one way or the other & National Curriculum Development and Evaluation Council was much more in the state of dilemma whether to change marking system or to make it effective. SLC have a long history & there has been many changes till now & one of the prime change was when SLC course curriculum was only based for 10th grade syllabus which previously student had to read both 9th & 10th grade syllabus after this change was only limited to 10th grade syllabus.

There were much more changes in upcoming year which facilitate students passing with quality marks & making SLC bit easier then it previously was. Changes in way of givingSLC & it’s importance for future was increased as SLC certificate was not only helpful for secondary level even for bachelor level & degree level.

Marking system of SLC was in the following format:
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 32 (For non-practical subjects)
This was just a basic format of total marks however there was a way to determine the very talented student an average student or a normal student based on percentage achieved or division.

The percentage & division were separated in following way:

• Distinction: Students whose marks are 80% or above
• First Division: Students whose marks are 60% or above
• Second Division: Students whose marks are 45% or above
• Third Division: Students whose marks are 32% or above
• Fail: Students whose marks are less than 32%

The result of SLC is very important to every individual student since they can apply for scholarship as per their results & marks obtained in SLC. Government was in plan to change the education system in Nepal because marking system already had lot of criticism. Grading system in SLC examinations Government recently introduced a new education system in Nepal which is based on grading SLC examinations. From the upcoming year with removal of marking system grading system will start as per news report it is confirmed there will be a new way to publish the result.

The new grading system in SLC has been prepared by the Curriculum Development Center and was officially passed by the National Curriculum Development and Evaluation Council. In new grading system students will either get a pass status or fail status so in general there won’t be either first division second or third also there won’t be how much mark does individual students get. This is one of the best steps adopted by the government to mainly focus on how to improve the secondary level exam evaluation process. However grading evaluation system will be carried out for Classes Nine and 10 both during school life. Experts are optimistic about this new grading system will minimize these negative effects. Marking system was always a problem for those average students who were either on first or second divisions. Many students fail in the SLC finals due to the number grading system, and this had caused negative effects on their future study that is why new grading system in SLC is implemented.

According to new grading system in SLC result will be as follows:

• Students securing above 90%: A+
  
• Students securing between (80-89)%: A
  
• Students securing between (60-79)%: B
  
• Students securing between (40-59)%: C
  
• Students securing between (25-39)%: D
  
• Students securing below 25% : E
  

Government officials of education ministry are hoping this step (new grading system in SLC) will narrow down the gap between students. What we can do is wait for the impact this grading system to make.

[ also in news http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/12/15/top-story/slc-grading-system-draws-criticism/399041.html ]

Some samples of graded marksheet

source :slc-result.com

AUTHOR:prayas bastola

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यस्तो आयो मनिषाको पोस्टमार्टमको प्रारम्भिक रिपोर्ट, डाक्टर नै अलमलमा !

काठमाडौं, १५ जेठ । राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीका स्ट्राइकर बिमल घर्तीमगरको बहिनी मनिषाको घाँटीमा परेको दबाबका कारण मृत्यु भएको पोस्टमार्टमको प्रारम्भिक अनुसन्धानले देखाएको छ ।

त्रिवि शिक्षण अस्पतालको पोष्टमार्टम विभागका चिकित्सकले मनिषाको घाँटीमा ठूलो दबाब परेर मृत्यु भएको र त्यो झुण्डिएको (ह्याङगिङ) सँग मेल खाएको बताएका छन् ।

‘अहिलेसम्म उहाँको शवको परीक्षण गर्दा घाँटीमा ठूलो दबाब परेको कारण मृत्यु भएको पत्ता लागेको छ । जुन ह्याङगिङसँग मेल खान्छ ।’

फोरेन्सिक विभागका प्रमुख हरिहर वस्तीले भने, ‘मृत्युको अन्य विस्तृत जानकारी पाउन अझैं केही दिन कुर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । सम्पूर्ण ल्याब परीक्षणबाट मात्रै सबै जानकारी पाउन सकिएला ।’ अन्नपूर्ण पोष्ट दैनिकमा खबर छ ।

साभार:dainiknepal.com

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विमलकी बहिनी मनिषाको अन्त्येष्टि, आर्यघाटमा विमलले आफूलाई सम्हाल्न सकेनन्

काठमाडौं, १४ जेठ । राष्ट्रिय फुटबलर विमल घर्ती मगरकी बहिनी मनिषा घर्तीको अन्त्येष्टि गरिएको छ ।

मनिषा बुधबार राति नवलपरासीस्थित आफ्नै घरमा मृत फेला परेकी थिइन् । विहीबार उनको शवलाई काठमाडौं ल्याइएको थियो ।

शुक्रबार शिक्षण अस्पतालमा शव पोस्टमार्टमपछि उनको आर्यघाटमा अन्त्येष्टि गरिएको हो ।

आर्यघाट शवसँगै पुगेका विमल बहिनीको अन्तिम विदाईमा धरधरी रोएका थिए । उनकी आमाले पनि आफूलाई सम्हाल्न सकिरहेकी थिइनन् ।

बहिनीको मृत्युको खबर सुन्दा विमल बेल्जियममा थिए । अन्तिमपटक बहिनीको मुख उनी आज विहान काठमाडौं आएका थिए ।

source :dainikinepal.com

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मनिषा प्रकरण र घटनाको रहश्य

sajha sabal writes" बिहिबार एउटा राष्ट्रिय खेलाडीकि बहिनीको मृत्युको खबर सामाजिक संजालमा भाइरल बन्यो । उनि थिईन फुटबल स्ट्राइकर बिमल घर्ति मगरकी बहिनि मनिषा घर्ति मगर । यो घटनाको चर्चा बढी चुलिनुको कारण उनको दाजु थिए, जो फुटबलका गन्यमान्य व्यक्ति हुन् । सानो उमेरमै नेपालको लागि गर्वका पात्र बनेका बिमलकि बहिनी मर्नुले आम नागरिकलाई उक्त घटनाको चासो पक्कै पनि भयो ।

अहिले घर्तिको शव काठमाडौँस्थित टिचिङ अस्पतालमा छ । यो घटनाको रहश्य के थियो भन्ने खास कुरो बाहिर नएपनि आम नागरिकले यो घटनालाई हत्याको रुपमा बुझेका छन् । शंकाकै घेरामा परेका मनिषाका ‘ब्वाईफ्रेन्ड’ भनिने आशिष चौधरीलाई प्रहरीले प्रारम्भिक बयान लिईसकेको अवस्थामा उक्त घटना केहि खुकुलो भने बनेको छ ।

घटनाक्रममा आशिष चौधरीको संलग्नता छ । तर पोष्टमार्टमको आधिकारिक विवरण नआएसम्म वा पोष्टमार्टम अघिनै आशिषले आफुले हत्या गरेको नस्विकारेसम्म यो घटना रहश्यमय नै छ । प्रहरीको प्रारम्भिक अनुसन्धानमा आशिषले आफुले मनिषाको हत्या नगरेको बताएका छन् । तर यो कुरा आम सर्वसाधारण मान्न तयार छैनन् । त्यसो भए घटना आशिषले नै घटाएका हुन् भन्ने आशंका के-के छ त ?

आशंका नम्बर १: ‘आशिषको संलग्नता’
घटनामा आशिषको संलग्नता छ । त्यसैले यो घटना उनकै कारण घटेको छ । यो बिषय आशिषकै बयानले स्पस्ट भईसकेको छ ।

आशंका नम्बर २: ‘घरको मेन स्विच अफ’
घटना भएको दिन घरको मेन स्विच कसले बन्द गर्यो ? के नियतले उक्त काम गरियो ? घटना घटाउने नियत वा बलात्कार गर्ने नियत वा रात बिताउने नियत ? त्यसैले मेन स्विच अफ गर्नुपनि मुख्य आशंकाको बिषय छ।

आशंका नम्बर ३: ‘मनिषाको सल’
बयानमा आशिषले आफूले मनिषाको हत्या नगरेको दाबी गरेका छन् । आशिषले आफ्नो वयानमा मनिषा घरमा एक्लै छ भन्ने थाहा पाएपछि आफू गएको र राति झगडा भएपछि दुई झापड हानेको बताएका छन् । तर, झगडापछि आफू बरन्डामा आएर सुतेको र पछि हेर्न जाँदा मनिषा कोठामा झुण्डिएको अवस्थामा देखेको पनि उनले बताएका छन् । झूण्डिएको अवस्थामा रहेकी मनिषालाई आफूले तल झारेको तर, उनको मृत्यु भइसकेकाले आफू घर गएको उनको बयान छ । साथै के पनि कुरा छ भने आशिषको घरबाट प्रहरीले मनिषाको सल बरामद गरेको छ । तर आशिषको बयानमा मनिषाको सल उनले घरभन्दा पश्चिमको पेट्रोलपम्प नजिकमा फालेका थिए ।

आशंका नम्बर ४: ‘घटना सुझ-बुझपूर्ण’
घटनाको प्रकृति हेर्दा रहश्यमय छ । सल आशिषको घरमा भेटिएको छ । बयानमा आशिषले आफूले एक बोतल बियर पिएको, झगडा भएको, आफुले पहिले मनिषालाइ झापड हानेको, उनले पनि झापड फर्काएको र त्यसपछि बियर पिएर गएकोले झगडापछी बाहिर गएर निदाएको बताएका छन् । मनिषालाई पहिले झापड हान्ने आशिषलाई मनिषाले समेत झापड हानिन् । त्यसपछि उनि चुपचाप कसरी सुत्न गए ? उनले बयानमा भनेका छन् – ‘११ बजे ब्युँझेर भित्र जाँदा उनलाई झुण्डिएको अवस्थामा देखेँ ।’

आशंका नम्बर ५: ‘आशिषको आमा’
घटना घटाएपछी आशिष घरमा गएका थिए । घटनाबारे आशिषले उनको आमालाई बताए । तर आशिष र आमा मिलेर यो घटनाको बिषयलाई गुपचुप राख्न चाहेको देखिन्छ । उनकी आमाले आशिषलाई ‘गल्ति नगरेको भए कतै पनि नभाग’ भनेकी थिईन । तर घटना घटेको जानकारी आशिषलाई पक्राउ गर्नु अघिनै प्रहरीलाई दिएको भए, घटनामा शंका कम हुने थियो । प्रहरीले बयान नलिँदासम्म आशिषका आमा छोरा मौन बस्नु शंकास्पद थिए । उनीहरुलाई लागेको हुनसक्छ- घटनाको कसैले सुइँको समेत पाएको छैन, हाम्रो संलग्नता खुल्दैन ।

यो आत्महत्यानै किन नहोस, आशिषले दिएको बयान सत्य किन नहोस्, पोष्टमार्टमले आत्महत्यानै देखाएपनि आम नजरमा मनिषाको हत्यारा आशिष नै हुन् । आत्महत्या नै भएपनि मनिषालाई मर्ने स्थितिको कारक आशिषनै हुन् । उनि कोहि नभएको बेलामा बियर पिएर मनिषाको घरमा जानु आफैमा शंकास्पद छ । के नियतले आशिष मनिषा एक्लै भएको घरमा गए ? भन्ने कुरा पनि छ । रातको समय बिताउने सोचमै उनि मनिषाको घरमा गएका छन् । उनले भनेजस्तो झगडा ‘सिम’ र ‘फेसबुक म्यासेज’को बिषयमा नभई रातमा एक्ली मनिषाको घरमा आशिष पुग्नुले झगडा उत्पन्न गराएको पनि हुनसक्छ । फेरी उनि साचै मनिषाका प्रेमी नै हुन् भने उनले मनिषालाई झापड कसरी हान्न सके ? अर्को कुरा यौनप्रस्तावको क्रममा झगडा भएको पनि हुनसक्छ । यही बिषयमा मनिषा नमानेपछी उनले मनिषालाई मारेको हुनसक्छ ।

आशंका नम्बर ६: रगत र नीलडाम
नवलपरासीका एसपी राजेन्द्र चौधरीका अनुसार मनिषाको घाँटीमा निलडाम छ र कोठामा रगतको टाटा पनि देखिएको छ । झापडको घटनामा कसरी रगत आयो ? आत्महत्या थियो भने पनि रगतको टाटा देखिनु रहश्यमय छ । आशंका जे होस्, सत्य कुरा पोष्टमार्टम पछी आउनेछ । बलात्कार भएको छ भने जतिनै बयानमा किटानी दिएपनि आशिष कानुनी रुपमा हत्यारा नै ठहर्नेछन् ।

source:sajhasabal.com

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7 queries of SLC result awaiting students

As SLC result being published there are many queries rising in students. Here are the few we try to answer

1. When will be SLC result 2072 published?

Generally SLC result get published with two and a half month of SLC exam but this year due to massive earthquake SLC result will be delayed by 15 days. All the answer sheet are safe and sound, they all are checked and now are in Kathmandu for data entry. SLC result publishing preparation is in final stage.

2. How to check SLC result?

There are various ways to check SLC result like checking SLC result in website, SLC result through SMS, SLC result from phone or SLC result in newspaper.

3. Do we get marksheet of new grading system or old marking system?

Only 99 community technical school will get marksheet with new grading system this year as they are sample for trial this year. From next year this decision will be implemented in all school.

4. What if I get bad SLC result?

Many students are afraid of not getting good grades. You can do nothing except accepting the result. It is ok if you get less marks than your friend or you don’t get distinction, it won’t matter after 2 year so study hard for +2.

5. What if I fail in SLC exam?

Every year more than 50% students doesn’t get success in SLC result. It doesn’t mean life stops there. You should try harder for supplementary exam or for the SLC next year. You can also try technical field if you thing theoretical education is not for you.

6. What is the best subject to study after SLC?

Every subject or course has its different value. So instead of asking for best subject, think which subject would best suited for you. So consult with your seniors, ask yourself what you want to study. Be careful while choosing the subject, it will define you in the future.

7. Is college life is the life of freedom?

There certainly will be more degree of freedom than in school but it’s not like you can do anything just because you have passed in SLC result. Actually +2 is not college, it’s just higher school. So enjoy your higher school life responsibly and sincerely.

 source : slc_result

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फुटवल स्ट्राईकर बिमल घर्तीकी बहिनीको शब फेला

फुटवल स्ट्राईकर विमल घर्ती मगरकी बहिनी मनिषा घर्ती मगर मृत अवस्थामा फेला परेकी छन् । बिहान नवलपरासी बर्दघाट भुताहामा रहेको घरमा घर्तीको शव फेला परेको ईलाका प्रहरी कार्यालय बर्दघाटका प्रहरी प्रमुख श्याम सुन्दर केसीले जानकारी दिनुभयो । बर्दघाट ८ भुताहा चोक बाट डेढ किलोमिटर दक्षीण तर्फ गएराती भएको घटना बिहान मात्र थाहा भएको हो । बिहान परिवारका सदस्यले ढोका खोल्दा मनिषा मृत देखेपछी प्रहरीलाई खबर गरेका थिए । घटनास्थलमा भर्खर प्रहरी पुगेको छ । १५ बर्षीय घर्तीको हत्या हो अथवा आत्महत्या भन्ने बारेमा अनुसन्धान गरीने ईलाका प्रहरी कार्यालय बर्दघाटले जनाएको छ । अनुसन्धानका लागी जिल्ला प्रहरी कार्यालय नवलपरासीको टोली खटिएको छ । थप जानकारी आउन बाँकी नै छ ।
#sajhasabal

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In fig i, parallelogram ABCD and trapezium ABFE have a common base AB but they are not in between the same parallels. In figure ii, parallelogram ABCD and ABEF are on the same base AB and in between the same parallels (AB / DE).

In fact, two figure are said to be on the same base and in between the same parallels if they have common base and the vertices (vertex) opposite to the common base of each figure lie on a line parallel to the base.

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Here For Free NTC GPRS
Guys here I am to give you some tips on using NTC Gprs just in free. NTC have very weak system it can easily be hacked and you will not charged any for surfing the net. Here the tips goes on

1) After you have surf the internet and you are about to close your browser don't close your browser rather search a number like 220000000 in wap page and try to make call to that number. For such number ntc says "you cannot call to this number and end the call itself. Try to call that number 5/6 times and gprs get disconnected by network and you wont get charged for the gprs and close the browser .

2)Another trick goes like this, "Just surf internet without exceedind your balance, download within the limit of balane you have in your sim and after you finish surfing, just take off your battery out of your mobile and insert your sim only after 1 hour. Check the balance now, yeah you will be not deducted any.

In Nokia 5300, so basically,  number of Nokia sets would behave the same for what I am gonna describe here.Now, getting to the main thing, I browse the web via Opera Mini (Latest Version),  when I am done with browsing and want to close the session, I would rather search for a number “202000000″(nine digits) and when the search result is presented, you can click on the number to call the number without having to close the Opera Mini. The IVR shall tell you that “You cannot make call to this number ” and shall end your call by itself.  When you call, for some 3-4 times to the same number repeatedly, the gprs connection that had been kept on hold will be closed by the network itself. So you are not billed for the data usage from your cellphone.
Try it urself, and comments are welcome.

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LAYER OF ATMOSPHER]\/12

Exosphere

Main article: Exosphere

The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase, which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft). The exosphere merges with the emptiness of outer space, where there is no atmosphere.

This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind.

The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

Thermosphere

Main article: Thermosphere

The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.^[8] Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase. The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere.

This atmospheric layer undergoes a gradual increase in temperature with height. Unlike the stratosphere, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules.^[10] Even though the thermosphere has a very high proportion of molecules with immense amounts of energy, the thermosphere would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because the low density in the thermosphere would not be able to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin. In other words, a person would not feel warm because of the thermosphere's extremely low pressure.

This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 320 and 380 km (200 and 240 mi).

Mesosphere

Main article: Mesosphere

The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level.

Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F; 190 K).^[11][12]

Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. A type of lightning referred to as either sprites orELVES, occasionally form far above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets.

Stratosphere

Main article: Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft).

The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.^[13]

The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous cloudsare occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. This is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft.

Troposphere

Main article: Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km, although this altitude actually varies from about 9 km (30,000 ft) at the poles to 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator,^[9] with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by thetropopause, a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height.^[14][15]

Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere.^[16] The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere. It is primarily composed of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) with only small concentrations of other trace gases.

Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft.

Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is thetroposphere, which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the bluemesosphere.^[17]

Other layers

Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties:

• The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.
• The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras. During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of themagnetosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth.
• The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence.^[18] This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause.

Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.

• The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 meters on clear, calm nights to 3000 m or more during the afternoon in dry regions.

The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K)^[19] or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K),^[20] depending on the reference..

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exam tips

Exam Tip #1

Wake up early so that you do not need to rush through having breakfast and getting ready.

Exam Tip #2

Check the venue and time of the exam to make sure that you have not confused the day/time/venue.

Exam Tip #3

Have a balanced breakfast and eat nothing risky (probably not the best day to have a super-hot curry!). Bananas are always a good option.

Exam Tip #4

Before leaving home, check that you have everything that you will need – ID, stationery, map to the exam venue, etc.

Exam Tip #5

Head to the exam with plenty of time. A lot of unexpected events can happen on your way there and you do not want to be late!

Exam Tip #6

If there are people around who are panicking, avoid them. They are not doing you any favour!

Exam Tip #7

Go to the toilet before the exam starts. Exams can be quite long and there is no time to waste.

Exam Tip #8

Remember to write your name on the exam paper. You would not believe how many people have forgotten to do it!

Exam Tip #9

Read all the questions carefully before starting and quickly plan how much time to allocate to each.

Exam Tip #10

Start answering the questions that you feel most confident about. There is no need to answer the questions in order.

Exam Tip #11

If your brain freezes, just start writing anything and you will soon start remembering more details.

Exam Tip #12

Don’t spend more time than you planned on a particular section/question or you might run out of time to answer other questions and gain those extra marks! Also,  leave any questions that you are unsure about for the end.

Exam Tip #13

Don’t be afraid to ask the examiner if you are not clear on a question.

Exam Tip #14

Use every minute of the exam and if you have time left, review your answers before handing back the paper.

Exam Tip #15

Stay calm, you have done your homework and have nothing to fear!

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cell division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.^[1] Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis),^[2] and a reductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half, to produce haploidgametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions: homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division.^[3] Both of these cell division cycles are in sexually reproducing organisms at some point in their life cycle, and both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor^[4]Prokaryotes also undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.

For simple unicellular organisms^{[Note 1]} such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction – an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Cell division also enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by cell division from gametes. And after growth, cell division allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.^[5] A human being's body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.^[6]

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